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Технофильтр - http://www.technofilter.ru/en/st/Технофильтр - - Articlesen<description>   <p style="text-align: center" class="MsoNormal" align="center">  </p><p><strong>Absolute Quality systems: automated control of filtration processes</strong></p></description><pubDate>Tue, 20 Oct 2009 17:11:00 +0400</pubDate><yandex:full-text>  <p align="justify"> <strong>Absolute Quality systems: automated control of filtration processes</strong></p> <div align="justify"> </div> <p align="justify"><em><strong>A.V.Tarasov, Cand.Sc.(Chem), Director of Technofilter Ltd</strong></em></p> <div align="justify"> </div> <p align="justify"><em><strong>S.E.Krygin, Chief Engineer</strong></em></p><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify"><em>For quite a long time it is not a secret to producers of wines and vodkas that filtration is one of the main processes that determine the quality of the final product. Key characteristics of beverages, such as colloidal stability, optical transparency and standard brilliance, cannot be achieved without using microfiltration technology in the process chain. Making the filtration process most convenient, visual and reliable for the process engineer and cost effective for the whole enterprise was the main purpose of specialists of Research-and-Manufacturing Enterprise Technofilter Ltd as they were designing and developing Absolute-quality automatic systems of pre-filling polishing filtration.</em></p><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify">After having analyzed advantages and disadvantages of automatically controlled filtration systems available in the Russian market, we have developed our own automatically controlled filtration system Absolute quality that provides optimum conditions for operation of both depth and membrane filter elements.</p><p align="justify"><font color="#000000"><strong><font size="2">Easy and simple maintenance</font></strong></font></p><div align="justify"> </div><p>An important advantage of our system is the human-computer interface, the operator's touchpad. The touchpad makes it possible to control the filtration process in the real-time mode. The initial page contains the following parameters: filtration rate (m<sup>3</sup>/h), degree of filter fouling at each filtration stage (%), indications of digital pressure gauges (bar) and total throughput of filter elements (l). The automatic equipment significantly simplifies maintenance of the filtration system. The system is activated by pushing the start-up button at the beginning of operation and turn off by pushing the stop button after completion of filling. </p><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify"><font color="#000000"><strong>The throughput of filter elements is used completely</strong></font></p><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify">Filter elements produced by Technofilter Ltd, like those of most other producers, are operated until differential pressure of 3 to 3.5 atm is achieved. However, most two-stage filtration systems made in Russia are provided with low-power electric pumps producing pressures of up to 2 atm. Taking into consideration the fact that such systems require constant surplus output pressures of about 0.5 atm are required and the pressure losses taking place in the two successive stages, only 30 to 50% of filter elements' throughput is typically used. </p><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify">Absolute-quality systems are provided with a more powerful pump producing 6 atm, the optimum pressure for two-stage filtration. However, exceeding the admissible differential pressure can result in destruction of filter elements, which is why the system is provided with a microcontroller and pressure sensors at the inputs and outputs of each stage. The microcontroller is monitoring differential pressures across filter elements of each stage. If differential pressure in one of the two stages is coming close to the maximum admissible value, the system is reporting on the need to replace the filter elements and can ultimately turn off. As a result, all filter elements are used to the end of their throughputs, and the automatic system guarantees their integrity. The touchpad indicates which elements have exhausted their service potential and require replacement or reconditioning. Monitoring of the overall potential throughput of a stage in litres makes it possible for the production manager to select a set of filter elements that is optimal in terms of throughput versus price, while having an appropriate quality.</p><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify">It should be pointed out that in the course of filtration the production rate and power consumption of the system are changing in strict dependence on the requirement of the filling line. The pump automatically increases the rate of rotation after the valve of the filling line has been opened. As long as the valve is closed, the system remains in the standby mode, consuming virtually no electric power.</p><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify"><img src="/images/cms/content/UPF.A.jpg" border="0" alt="" width="171" height="217" align="left" /><font color="#000000"><strong>The system automatically adapts to the filling line</strong></font></p><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify">Absolute-quality systems use software extending their functional capabilities. A new algorithm incorporating elements of intelligent management is Technofilter's know-how enabling automatic adjustment of the system to the filling line. By processing indications of the sensors, the control system independently selects the pressure at the output of the system, the rotation frequency of the pump's motor, differential pressures across the filters and the pressure actuating the hydraulic impact protection device. The high rate of the system's response to the rising pressure makes our systems suitable for installation in filling lines having mechanical, pneumatic and electromechanical valves and guarantees safety and long service life of the filter elements.</p><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><h1 align="justify"><font size="2" color="#000000">Total absence of hydraulic impacts</font></h1><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify">It is well known that the shutdown of a valve in the filling line produces abrupt pressure surges (hydraulic impacts) that can destroy expensive membrane filter elements or, in the case of depth elements, result in the unloading of accumulated contaminants into the filtrate. Absolute-quality systems have a three-level protection against hydraulic impacts. Our systems not only enable smooth start-ups and shutdowns of the electric pump, but also completely rule out hydraulic impacts, including the cases where the differential pressure across filter elements is close to maximum admissible values.</p><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify"><font color="#000000"><strong>Reliability is the guarantee of quality</strong></font></p><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify">Our filtration systems are produced on the basis of high quality proven components made abroad and in Russia. The control circuit is assembled on the basis of Siemens microcontroller and touchpad. Danfoss pressure sensors and Grundfos pumps are used in the systems.</p><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify"><font color="#000000"><strong>Extra functional capabilities</strong></font></p><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify">The practice of operating filtration systems shows that they should be periodically rinsed. Rinsing is carried out to prevent possible contamination of the filling line with micronap. An important feature of our filtration system is a bypass line connecting the output of the system with the input of the pump. Automatic rinsing in the closed loop saves much time during start-up operations and preparation of the filtration system for operation after replacement of filters.</p><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><h2 align="justify"><font color="#000000"><u><strong><font size="2">Nice trifles</font></strong></u></font></h2><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify">? The filtration system has a dry mode sensor for protection of the pump.</p><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify">? The microcontroller performs autodiagnostics of malfunctions.</p><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify">? A demo clip on the touchpad makes it easier for the user to understand the operation algorithm.</p><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><h1 align="justify"><font size="2" color="#000000">Customized designs</font></h1><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify"><strong> </strong>The standard system is based on the two-stage filtration format. Depth filter elements of the first stage remove the bulk of dirt contaminants, whereas filter elements of the second stage ensure the required quality of filtration. The systems are designed for use in combination with filling lines having flow rates of 0.5 to 12 m<sup>3</sup>/h.</p><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify">In addition to the standard two-stage design, the filtration system can be quickly customized in accordance with requirements of a specific user (three- or four-stage designs). An example of such customization is the automatically controlled four-stage system for the filtration of vodka, that was successfully put into operation at Distar distillery Ltd (Nalchik). In addition to the unit of polishing filters, the system incorporates the unique Silver filtration technology patented by Technofilter Ltd that is used to improve organoleptic properties. According to Distar's director I.V.Pogrebnyak (monthly advertizing/informational journal "Alcoholic beverages and beer", No 19, 2005, pp.74 to 78), the system significantly improved organoleptic properties of vodkas produced by Distar, and final polishing filtration made it possible to produce beverages with standard brilliance. </p><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify">On the basis of the automatically controlled polishing filtration system, a system for the filtration of wine was developed, that is provided with an extra rinsing unit for conditioning of filter elements with washing solutions and water. The system is also provided with an air filter for displacement of the liquid being filtered from filter holders. The rinsing unit enables the user to recondition filter elements without removing them from filter holders. By using compressed air, the time for replacement of filter elements is significantly reduced. Such system is successfully operated at Vintrest-7 Ltd (Vladikavkaz).</p><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify"><font color="#000000"><strong>Filter elements</strong></font></p><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify">The types of filter elements are selected depending on the purpose of filtration and requirements to the quality of the filtrate. An extensive range of membrane, depth and sorptive cartridge filter elements enables us to tackle virtually all applications in the field of microfiltration of liquids and gases. We will report on our new developments and technologies used in specific processes of beverage filtration in more detail next time.</p><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify">At present, Absolute-quality systems are successfully used at 10 distilleries and wineries in Russia and CIS countries. These include Vladalko distillery JSC (Vladimir), Baikalfarm JSC (Ulan-Ude), Vesna distillery Ltd (Tula), Zadoukovsk distillery JSC (Tyumen Region), Knyazhiy Grad limited liability company (Kiev, Ukraine) and others.</p><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify">Absolute-quality automatically controlled polishing filtration systems were developed with maximum consideration for customers' wishes and requirements. When operating the system, the user can be fully confident of the quality of the final product!</p><div align="justify"> </div>  </yandex:full-text><link>http://www.technofilter.ru/en/st/absolute_quality_systems/</link><guid>http://www.technofilter.ru/en/st/absolute_quality_systems/</guid></item><item><title>Silver filtration, your tool in quality management<p><strong>Silver filtration, your tool in quality management</strong></p> <p> </p> <p> </p><p> </p> Tue, 27 Jan 2009 23:51:00 +0300

<p>  </p><p style="text-align: justify" class="MsoNormal">  </p> <p align="justify"><strong> <em>S.A. Tarasova, Marketing Director</em></strong></p><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify"><strong><em>A.G. Kochkurov, Specialist of Marketing Department, Research-and-Manufacturing Enterprise Technofilter Ltd.</em></strong></p><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify">Nowadays, any manager realizes that to make the business develop, one should keep abreast of the times, follow up new technologies, take over positive experience from colleagues, constantly make efforts to improve product quality. With the abundance of distilllery products available at the market today, an average buyer expectably became more experienced and choosy. To prevail in stiff competition, distilleries now need new, efficient technologies that make the product better and more competitive and the manufacturing process more flexible, dynamic and sophisticated.</p><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify">Our company has been working with distilleries for more than 10 years. As we were dealing with the problems of filtration, communicating with process engineers and managers of distilleries, we turned our attention to the problem of processing of water-alcohol mixtures. The dynamic method of producing vodkas, that involves filtration of the water-alcohol mixture through a 4-meter layer of active carbon (usually of the BAU-A grade) by using carbon columns, does not always make it possible to adapt quickly to the permanently changing situation on the market. This is due to the relatively slow processing rate of  water-alcohol mixtures, large labour input for operation of the columns and, first and foremost, the impossibility of running the column in the batch mode, which would inevitably result in the production of vodkas having high aldehyde content. In addition, the adsorptive function of the carbon column now became less relevant. By using alcohols of Extra and Lux grades and RO water, it is now possible to produce water-alcohol mixtures having virtually no organic contaminants. Thus, the functions of the carbon column were partly taken over by reverse osmosis and partly, by distilleries employing modern rectification methods. </p><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify">Recent examinations of active carbon used to the end of its service potential in carbon columns show that in the course of operation carbon spends only one third of its sorptive properties, whereas its catalytic properties conducive to etherification, saponification and formation of esters are already exhausted. Regeneration with steam is not a solution to the problem, because it only restores sorptive properties of carbon. Consequently, the role of redox processes taking place on the surface of active carbon in the presence of oxygen, resulting in the formation of high MW compounds having a pleasant flavour and taste, has become much more important. This requires new approaches to the treatment of water-alcohol mixtures with active carbon.</p><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify">Nowadays, coconut and stone-fruit carbons are no longer exotic, and there are examples of using these carbons in carbon columns. However, in these cases the cost of filtration is significantly higher, because such carbons have higher weights and bulk densities. As a result, the column contains up to 600 to 800 kg of carbon. In addition, all disadvantages of conventional carbon columns are retained: the wall effect, channelling, self-sorting of carbon. It turns out that the problems are not only related to what kind of carbon is used: extra volume and the design of the carbon column itself fail to solve these problems and make operation of the system more convenient.</p><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify">Specialists at Research-and-Manufacturing Enterprise Technofilter Ltd tried to solve the problem in a comprehensive way. To accomplish this, it was necessary to select a carbon that would offer good catalytic properties while having a minimum volume, and to change the design of the carbon carrier, the column.</p><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify">We tested modern active carbons impregnated with silver. It is well known that silver is an active catalyst. Silver catalyzes not only the reaction of alcohol oxidation into aldehyde but also subsequent reactions, the oxidation reaction into acetic acid and the reaction of ester formation, owing to the emerging electrochemical potential difference between carbon and silver.</p><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify">Carbons having various concentrations of silver (0.04 to 4%), particle size distributions and origins were tested. Preference was given to granular active carbons produced from coconut shells, having concentration of silver on the surface of 0.4 to 0.5%. These carbons feature high hardness (>97%) and a large surface area (>1000 m<sup>2</sup>/g).</p><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify">The tests confirmed that the processing rate of water-alcohol mixtures had considerably increased. It became possible to reduce the amount of carbon, i.e. switch from quantity to quality, carry out the chemical processes by taking advanatage of new capabilities of the carbon rather than of its large amount.</p><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify">The original design of the EPSF.U Ag0,4 cartridge sorptive filter element was used as a basis for the technology. The cartridge is a carbon minicolumn: carbon is loaded between the outer and inner shells of the filter element, liquid is supplied through the lower opening in the outer shell and exits inside the cartridge through the upper opening in the inner shell (Fig.1). This design takes account of the ability of carbons to swell in the course of operation and rules out the possibility of channelling even at high filtration rates.</p><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify"> <img src="/images/cms/content/1epsfu.jpg" border="0" alt="" width="63" height="154" /></p><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify"><em><strong>Fig.1. EPSF.UAg0,4 filter element</strong></em></p><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify">This design of the filter element and the use of carbon containing silver for the production of vodkas was patented by Technofilter Ltd as the Silver filtration method for processing of water-alcohol mixtures and vodkas and the cartridge filter (Patent No 2222586 of 19.06.2002).</p><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify">The weight of carbon in the standard 250 mm high EPSF.U Ag0,4 element (carbon minicolumn) is 300 to 330 g, the content of silver is 0.4%. The filter elements are thermally welded together into candles 500, 750 or 1000 mm high and are installed into the filter holder accomodating 3 to 24 elements depending on required processing rate. Technofilter specialists have developed and certified a line of USF Silver filtration systems offering flow rates of 40 to 1000 dal/h.</p><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify">Research performed in cooperation with All-Russian Research Institute of food biotechnology on experimental-industrial scale at the factories of Vladalkko JSC (Vladimir), The first wine blend factory Ltd (Tula), SPI-RVVK JSC (Kaliningrad) and Alkon JSC (Great Novgorod) has proved that a new technique for cleaning water-alcohol mixtures had really been developed. As a result of the tests, the Silver filtration technology was included into the Manufacturing process regulation for the production of vodkas and distillery products (revision No 1 of PTR10-12292-99 of 07.11.2005, section 8.5.9).</p><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify">We will not include diagrams and tables for the numerous tests and experiments, because they have been already extensively discussed. What is important is the fact that Silver filtration ensured in all cases successful volumetric structurization of water-alcohol mixtures, making it possible to produce vodkas that are not inferior in quality to vodkas produced from a similar alcohol by using columns incorporating BAU-A carbon. In addition, problems that are typical of conventional carbon columns were solved, including accumulation of aldehydes in the cases when the processes of water-alcohol mixture treatment are stopped, owing to the fact that the volume of the water-alcohol mixture coming into contact with carbon has been drastically reduced.</p><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify">Just because of this, new possibilities, techniques and, in some enterprises, even new secrets have emerged in the vodka production technology. It became convenient to handle the product, conduct experiments on its quality. For example, by changing the processing rate of the water-alcohol mixture it is possible to produce vodkas having various organoleptic properties that suit the tastes of various buyers. Low-capacity enterprises now can operate in the batch mode, because the process can be stopped at any moment and, if required, resumed without losing time or expensive raw materials. It also became possible to produce the required amount of wine blend within one shift, and then allow it to assimilate and ‘rest'.</p><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify">The process engineer has been given a tool helping him to solve his problems and to present his product to the customer.</p><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify">Major vodka producers focus their attention on other advantages of Silver filtration technology.</p><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify">1.<strong>Compactness.</strong> Compared to conventional carbon columns, the new units have a smaller footprint: one Silver filtration system having a flow rate of 500 dal/h (1430x970x1920 mm in size) replaces 10 carbon columns (Fig.2). In addition, the new system requires no pressure containers.</p><table border="0" width="598" height="234"><tbody><tr><td> <img src="/images/cms/content/column_in_vladalko.jpg" border="0" alt="" width="298" height="224" /></td><td> <img src="/images/cms/content/VladAlco.jpg" border="0" alt="" width="289" height="223" /></td></tr></tbody></table><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify"><em><strong>Fig.2. A Silver filtration system (a) replaces a stack of carbon columns (b,c) in the cleaning section (Vladalko JSC, Vladimir)</strong></em></p><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify">2.<strong> Reduced time cost.</strong> There is no need to unload tons of carbon from the columns and fill them with fresh carbon (some major factories have up to 90 carbon columns!), spending human resources and, first and foremost, time for the handling and clean-up operations. There is no need to work up the column to the required mode, losing expensive raw materials and time. One should only replace the filter elements.</p><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify">Treatment of water-alcohol mixtures by Silver filtration technology is also used in continuously working Ruchei systems (Fig.3). These systems contain a water-alcohol mixture treatment unit with a filter holder for 24 1000 mm high EPSF.U Ag0,4 elements. The Ruchei system has a modular design. To increase the processing rate of the system, more modules should be added. The system requires no containers for water-alcohol mixtures, because it has a module for preparation of the water-alcohol mixture having required strength, where a unique injector is used as the mixer. </p><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify"> <img src="/images/cms/content/ruchey.jpg" border="0" alt="" width="302" height="228" /></p><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify"><em><strong>Fig.3. Ruchei system (produced by Altair Ltd) having processing rate of 1200 dal/h installed at Topaz distillery</strong></em></p><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify">The whole system, including the water-alcohol mixture preparation unit and water-alcohol mixture treatment modules incorporating EPSF.U Ag0,4 elements is very compact and occupies an extremely small area.</p><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify">But the main advantage of the Silver filtration, common to all producers, is the improved quality and organoleptic properties of the product, confirmed by numerous awards from exhibitions and specialized wine testing events. Let us quote several comments.</p><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify"><strong>Svetlana Nikolayeva, Sinergiya Group, extract from the article ‘Silver filtration and no paradoxes!':</strong></p><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify">- Silver filtration was received at Alviz as a necessity, rather than a luxury. For Sinergiya, Silver filters are by no means an exotic thing. A Silver filtration system has been successfully installed and put into operation in Arkhangelsk. </p><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify">An additional effect from Silver filtration was obtained immediately, at the stage of production tests and then confirmed by comparative analysis and trials performed by Alviz accredited laboratory.</p><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify"><strong>Vladimir Ivanov, first deputy General Director of the Russky Alkogol Group on the Topaz factory:</strong></p><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify">- Our new regulation includes the Silver filtration technology. So far two lines using this technology have been installed. The technology ensures a steadily high quality at the modern level. Silver filtration significantly softens the taste of the product, making it integral and the perception of the taste harmonical.</p><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify"><strong>Sergei Kardapoltsev, General Director of Valuyevsk distillery JSC:</strong></p><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify">- We have now completely given up the use of carbon columns, because the new technology is more convenient. We can produce the amount of vodka we need, without night shifts and overfilling of storages. At the same time we managed to significantly improve product quality. The Silver filtration technology is undoubtedly relevant and saleable. We are grateful to Technofilter for their innovative activities and continue to cooperate with them.</p><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify"><strong>Elena Zhukova, Chief Process Engineer of Vladalko JSC:</strong></p><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify">- Our company has recently celebrated centenary since the date of its foundation. A company of that age undoubtedly has sufficient experience and knowledge. Nevertheless, in cooperation with Technofilter and All-Russian Research Institute of food biotechnology, we decided to look for more advanced techniques for treating water-alcohol mixtures that can ensure the highest product quality. At present we use two Silver filtration systems. One is used instead of carbon columns, and the other, as an extra stage of carbon filtration for vodkas of the Premium grade. </p><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify">It should be pointed out that consumers are talking about Silver filtration not as a promotional fetish, but as an advanced technology assisting in production of high-quality products and making it possible for companies not only to survive in competition, but also consolidate one's positions on the vodka market. </p><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify">In addition to the treatment of water-alcohol mixtures, the Silver filtration technology can also be used for aftertreatment of vodkas (Manufacturing process regulation for the production of vodkas and distillery products (revision No 1 of PTR10-12292-99 of 07.11.2005, section 8.5.10 "Postfiltration of vodkas"). This option is used in two cases:</p><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify">- when a distillery remains committed to the dynamic method of water-alcohol mixture treatment (through carbon columns), reserving Silver filtration as an extra processing stage;</p><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify">- when an enterprise uses a Silver filtration system instead of carbon columns, but finds it desirable to additionally modify organoleptic properties of the product by adding one more filtration stage.</p><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify">In both cases, if there is an urgent need for increasing the production rate, the system being used for aftertreatment can be used for treatment of water-alcohol mixtures.</p><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify">In addition to convenience and good quality of the product, a major advantage of the Silver filtration technology is the high throughput of filter elements.</p><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify">When used for the treatment of water-alcohol mixtures, the throughput of one 250 mm high EPSF.U Ag0,4 element is 3500 to 5000 dal. When used for aftertreatment of vodkas, its throughput is 7000 to 10000 dal.</p><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify">For example, when the required processing rate is 500 dal/h (with the recommended processing rate of water-alcohol mixtures being 3 to 7 dal per one 250 mm high element), the average throughput of a set consisting of 24 1000 mm high elements or 96 minicolumns is up to 500,000 dal.</p><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify">In the aftertreatment mode, the recommended rate per one 250 mm high element is 8 to 15 dal/h. With maximum processing rate being 1000 dal/h, the throughput of the set is 1,000,000 dal.</p><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify">Calculations show that the cost of using Silver filtration for a 0.5 l bottle is only 1 to 1.5 Kopecks.</p><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div><p align="justify">In conclusion, we would like to add that ‘analogues' of Silver filtration have now emerged. These not only violate the rights of Technofilter Ltd as a patent holder but, first and foremost, compromise the regulated technology of Silver filtration. Therefore, we have to conclude with a familiar phrase:<em><strong> ‘Beware of counterfeits!' </strong></em></p><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"> </div>

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